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INDONESIA AT A GLANCE |
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| General
Information |
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| Location: Southeastern
Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. |
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| Government: Republic |
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| Administrative Divisions:
30 provinces, two special regions and one special capital city district. With the implementation of decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts or regencies became the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services |
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| Languages:
Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), English, Dutch, local dialects. |
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| Religions:
Muslim (88%), Protestant (5%), Oman Catholic (3%), Hindu (2%),
Buddhist (1%), other (1%). |
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| Ethnic groups: Javanese
(45%), Sundanese (14%), Madurese (7.5%), coastal Malays (7.5%),
other. |
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| Legal System: Based
on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts
by new criminal procedures and election codes. |
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| EXECUTIVE |
| Head of State |
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (since 20th October 2004), Head of both the State and the Government. Vice President Muhammad Yusuf Kalla (since 20 October 2004) |
| Head of Government |
President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono (since 20th October 2004) |
| Cabinet |
Cabinet appointed
by the president |
| Elections |
President
elected by direct vote of citizens. |
| LEGISLATURE |
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Unicameral
House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat |
| ELECTIONS |
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last held on the 5th April 2004 |
| JUDICIARY |
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Supreme Court; A separate
constitutional court. |
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| Indicators |
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| Indicators |
Estimate |
Year |
Source |
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| Population
( millions) |
| Population growth (1991-2001) |
| Annual Population Growth
(percent) |
| Population Density (per
sq.km) |
| Sex Ratio (females per
1,000 males) |
| Crude Birth Rate (per
1000 population) |
| Crude Death Rate |
| Total Fertility Rate |
| Infant Mortality (per
1000) |
| Maternal Mortality Rate |
| Human Development Index
Ranking |
| Literacy (Total) |
| -
Males |
| -
Females |
| Increase in literacy |
| People below poverty line
(%) |
| Urban Population (%) |
| Growth of Urban population
(annual) |
| Life expectancy |
| Per capita GNP (US $) |
| Population with access
to proper sanitation (%) |
| Population with access
to improved water sources (%) |
| Health Expenditure-Public
(% of GDP) |
| Health Expenditure - Private
(% of GDP) |
| Physicians per 100,000
population |
| Population with Access
to Essential Drugs (%) |
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| 217.4 | 2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | NA | NA | NA | | 1.7 | 1975-2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | NA | NA | NA | | NA | NA | NA | | NA | NA | NA | | NA | NA | NA | | 2.4 | 2000-2005 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 31 | 2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 310 | 1985-2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 110 | 2005 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 87.9 | 2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 92.5 | 2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 83.4 | 2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | NA | NA | NA | | 27.1 | 1990-2002 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 45.5 | 2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | NA | NA | NA | | 66.8 | 2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 3,361 | 2003 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 52 | 2002 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 78 | 2002 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 1.2 | 2002 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 2.0 | 2002 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 16 | 1990-2004 | UNDP HDR 2005 | | 80-94 | 2004 | UNDP HDR 2003 |
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| Socio-Economic
Background |
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| This archepelago of 18,108 islands (of which about 6,000 are inhabited) is the fourth most populous country in the world. The financial problems that swept into Indonesia in late 1997 became an economic and political crisis and led to fall of President Suharto. The effects of the financial and economic crisis were severe. In 1998, real GDP contracted by an estimated 13.7%. The economy hit rock bottom in 1999 when real GDP growth crawled at 0.3%. Conflict and violence left a vast traumatized population, now trying to recover. |
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| Among other problems, the crisis of the late 90s created a huge population of internally displaced people. There have been large scale migration to urban areas and despite attempts to ease congestion on Java, Bali and Madura through trans-migration programme, more than 60 per cent of Indonesians live on these three islands which make up only 7% of Indonesia’s land surface area. As a result there has been a growth in slum areas reflecting not only people’s inability to afford decent housing and environmental degradation but also a low level of resource development / education leading to a decline in community social standards. |
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| In late December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami took 131,000 lives, left some 570,000 displaced persons and caused an estimated 4.5 billion dollar damages and losses. Adding to the country’s woes were several terrorist incidents in 2005 which slowed tourist arrivals and cases of avian influenza which sparked concerns about a pandemic. |
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| Despite being the only Asian member of OPEC, Indonesia’s fuel production has declined significantly over the years owing to aging oil fields and lack of investment in new equipment. As a result, despite being an exporter of crude oil, Indonesia is now a net importer of oil. Although domestic fuel was being subsidized, the increasing strain on the budget in 2005 combined with indecisive monetary policy contributed to a run on the currency in August prompting the government to enact a 126% average fuel hike in October. |
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| In the pre-crisis era Indonesia was considered to be among the best performing East Asian economies. Significant progress had been made in reducing infant and maternal mortality rate. For instance, infant mortality rate decreased from 128 per 1000 live births in 1960 to 68 between 1986 and 1991 and further still to 35 per 1000 live births between 1998 to 2002. However, IMR in Indonesia still exceeds that of other ASEAN countries; it is 4.6 times higher than in Malaysia, 1.3 times than the Philippines and 1.8 times than Thailand. Lifetime risk of a mother dying of childbirth complications is estimated to be 1 in 65 compared with 1 in 1,100 in Thailand. |
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| Malaria, dengue and water-borne diseases are common and the country ranks third in contributing the highest number of tuberculosis cases to the world’s burden, with an estimated 582,000 new cases each year. It is, warns UNAIDS, on the brink of a worsening HIV epidemic. |
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| HIV
Situation |
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| Commercial sex work is widespread in Indonesia. There are an estimated 190,000-270,000 female sex workers, and clients of sex workers number approximately 7-10 million, with condom use estimated at less than 10%. The majority of infections are concentrated in groups with high-risk behavior, particularly sex workers and injecting drug users. Risk behaviour among injecting drug users by far the most common. HIV transmission in Indonesia was initially related to sexual transmission, but transmission among injecting drug users has increased eight-fold since 1998. |
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| T he epidemic fuelled by drug injection is already spreading into remote parts of this archipelago. Initially there were six provinces established as most heavily burdened, however, this has now increased to 11 provinces. The provinces are: Bali, East Java, Jakarta, Papua, West Java, West Kalimantan, North Sumatra, North Sulawesi, Riau, West Irian Jaya, and West Kalimantan. . UNAIDS Update 2005 reveals that counselling and HIV testing services started by local non-governmental organizations far-flung cities such as Pontianak (on the island of Borneo) are finding alarmingly high rates of infection—above 70% of people who request testing are discovering that they are infected with HIV. An estimated three quarters of them are injecting drug users. |
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| Meanwhile, HIV prevalence as high as 48% has been found in drug injectors at rehabilitation centres in Jakarta. Most of these drug users are young, relatively well-educated and live with their families. Experts warn that if risk behaviours among drug injectors, among male, female and transgender sex workers, and among clients of sex workers do not change from the levels observed in surveillance performed in 2003, Indonesia will be seeing a far worse epidemic. |
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| Surveys have found that although that most injectors know where to get sterile needles, yet close to nine in ten (88%) of them still use non-sterile injecting equipment. Many injectors are reluctant to carry sterile needles with them for fear that police would treat this as proof that they inject drugs (which is a criminal offence). The incarceration of drug injectors is a significant facet of Indonesia’s epidemic. In Jakarta, between 1997 and 2001, HIV prevalence among drug injectors in Jakarta rose from zero to 47%, for example. Subsequently, in the capital’s overcrowded jails, HIV prevalence started to rise two years later, from zero in 1999 to 25% in 2002. |
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| More than half the drug injectors in Jakarta are sexually active and one in five buys sex. Yet, about three quarters of those users do not use condoms during commercial sex (Center for Health Research and Ministry of Health, 2002). Meanwhile, rates of drug injection among male sex workers are higher than among other population groups, with many of these men selling sex to finance their drug habits. A large proportion of male sex workers also have sex with women . Condom use, generally, ranges from being infrequent to rare. In Jakarta, condom use rates during commercial sex hardly changed in 1996–2002, before rising slightly. Again, it is found that women are reluctant to carry condoms as it is regarded as “proof” of sex work by the police who might then arrest them. |
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| In a survey in 2004, three quarters of sex workers operating out of massage parlours and clubs said they had not used condoms with any of their clients in the previous week. In brothel areas of the city, sex workers and their clients were even more averse to using condoms, despite almost a decade of prevention efforts. In such contexts, experts state, it is not surprising to discover that HIV prevalence among sex workers in Sorong, for example, reached 17% in 2003, and that an average 42% of sex workers in seven Indonesian cities were infected with gonorrhoea. Such intersecting networks of risk guarantee that HIV will spread more extensively in the wider population, especially where multiple sexual partnerships are common, such as in parts of Papua province. There, almost 1% of adults in five villages have tested HIV-positive in a sero-survey conducted in 2004. |
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| HIV/AIDS
Estimates |
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| Figures |
| Value* | Year | | 170,000 | 2005 | | 170,000 | 2005 | | 29,000 | 2005 | | -- | -- | | 5500 | 2005 | | -- | -- |
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| Estimated Number
of HIV cases (Adults and children) |
| Adults (15-49 years) |
| Women (15-49) |
| Children |
| Estimated number
of deaths due to AIDS |
| Estimated Number
of AIDS orphans |
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| *HDR 2004,UNAIDS Global Report 2004 |
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| The
National Response |
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| IAs a Member-State of the WHO, Indonesia's National Strategy has been conceived within the context of the WHO Global AIDS Strategy. In that perspective, the Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare, in his capacity as Chair of the Indonesian National AIDS Commission, is responsible for overall coordination of National AIDS Policy and programme development. He will be assisted by several Ministers acting as his deputies and as members of the National AIDS Commission. |
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The National AIDS Commission is responsible for:
1) Promotion, provision, and supervision of technical or social services essential to the National HIV/AIDS campaign and which are beyond the capacity of the community.
2)) Development of appropriate guidelines to ensure equitable and high quality case management and direct services, as needed, and in cooperation with partners to the HIV/AIDS effort.
3) Creation and maintenance of environment and mechanisms which encourage, facilitate, and support creative, responsible activity by community groups and non governmental organizations in the HIV/AIDS campaign.
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| In 2003, Indonesia's National AIDS Commission (NAC) revised the National HIV/AIDS strategy. |
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| The new National HIV/AIDS strategy outlines six priority areas, each with proposed goals and activities. These include surveillance of the epidemic; prevention; treatment, care and support for People Living with HIV/AIDS; research on HIV/AIDS and its impact; human rights of People Living with HIV/AIDS; and government coordination at all levels. Harm reduction was included as a part of this new strategic plan. The sustainability of the response to HIV/AIDS has been enhanced by the renewed leadership of the Indonesian Government and the leadership from Bali, East Java, North Sumatra and other provinces. The strategy for 2003-2007 gives donors a clear framework within which to make decisions about development assistance . |
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| In January 2004, a meeting between the Coordinating Minister for People’s Welfare and six Ministers comprising the major members of the National AIDS Commission and governors of the six most affected provinces in Indonesia adopted the Sentani Commitment. Its seven objectives were: promoting condom use in every high-risk sexual activity; reducing harm among injecting drug users; providing antiretroviral therapy to at least 5000 people living with HIV/AIDS by the end of 2004; reducing stigmatization and discrimination of people living with HIV/AIDS; establishing and empowering provincial and district AIDS committees; developing laws and regulations conducive to HIV/AIDS prevention, care and support programmes; and scaling up efforts for information, education and communication, including religious instruction, to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
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| As of June 2005, 60 sites provide HIV counseling services, and of these, 25 hospitals also provide HIV testing services. HIV counseling services are included in services related to the management and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. However, the number of sites is inadequate in relation to the size of the country, and stigmatization remains an obstacle to use. |
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| In July 2004, the Government committed to proving access to subsidized antiretroviral therapy to everyone needing treatment, with the ultimate goal of ensuring universal access. In December 2004, in a move to address specific issues related to high prevalence among vulnerable groups and to increase harm reduction activities, Indonesia initiated a project to introduce drug substitution therapy (methadone) for injecting drug users in two government hospitals ( Fatmawati Drug Dependency Hospital / RSKO in Jakarta, and Sanglah Hospital in Denpasar, Bali). Most antiretroviral drugs have been registered in Indonesia but are not available in the dispensaries. Few generic antiretroviral drugs are registered. The Ministry of Health has committed funds to fully subsidize the provision of antiretroviral drugs for 1700 patients over one year. The commitment of provinces to provide additional subsidies varies. |
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| A national policy on scaling up antiretroviral is being developed. In 2003, WHO/UNAIDS estimated Indonesia’s treatment need to be 7100 people, and the “3 by 5” treatment target was calculated as 3550 people (based on 50% of estimated need). In 2004, WHO/UNAIDS estimated that Indonesia’s treatment need had risen to 11,500 people. |
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| UN Support |
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United Nations Development Programme
Jl. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 3, Jakarta 10250, Indonesia
Tel: +62-21-314-1308, Fax: +62-21-314-5251
E-mail: registry.id@undp.org
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| NGO Support |
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| In May 2003, following the revision of the National
HIV/AIDS Strategy, the United Nations Theme Group on HIV/AIDS
started the development of the United Nations Joint Action Programme
(UN JAP) to ensure that UN system support is coordinated and
that it has a strategic response based on needs identified by
the National AIDS Commission. |
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| The UN Joint Action Programme was completed in
December 2003 and focuses on strategic support for policy development
as well as support to assist the Government to scale up its
efforts. The UN JAP details current commitments by the UN system
involving 10 agencies and over US$ 6 million. |
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| Experience in HIV/AIDS prevention and control
among Indonesia's neighboring countries, ASEAN and Australia
is broad and diverse. It is a source of useful lessons. Because
of the high mobility of citizens among and between these countries
it is important to join in a regional dialogue and international
collaboration for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. International
donors, international agencies, bilateral, and international
NGOs play an important role as partners in Indonesia's HIV/AIDS
efforts. Coordination of international cooperation will be the
responsibility of the National AIDS Commission in collaboration
with BAPPENAS. |
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| WHO
- Global Atlas Of Infectious Diseases: Dynamic Country wise
Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted
Infections |
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| Web Resources |
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| Government Website |
| http://www.indonesia.go.id/ |
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| National Centre for HIV/AIDS |
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| UN Agencies |
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| UNDP |
| UNDP is the UN's global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. |
| http://www.undp.or.id/ |
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| UNAIDS |
| UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, brings together the efforts and resources of ten UN system organisations to the global AIDS response. |
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| World Health Organisation |
| The World Health Organization is the United Nations specialized agency for health. WHO's objective, as set out in its Constitution, is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. |
| http://www.who.int/countries/idn/en/ |
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| World Bank |
| The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. We are made up of two unique development institutions owned by 184 member countries—the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). |
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| National and International Organisations |
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| USAID |
| USAID provides economic and humanitarian assistance in more than 100 countries to provide a better future for all. |
| http://www.usaid.gov/locations/asia_near_east/countries/indonesia/indonesia.html |
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| DFID |
| The Department for International Development (DFID) is the part of the UK Government that manages Britain's aid to poor countries and works to get rid of extreme poverty. |
| http://www.dfid.gov.uk/countries/asia/indonesia.asp |
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| AUSAID |
| Australia, through AusAID, works with other governments, the United Nations, Australian companies and non-government organisations to design and set up projects which tackle the causes and consequences of poverty in developing counties. |
| http://www.indo.ausaid.gov.au/ |
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| Other Resources |
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| MDGs |
| Click here |
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| National Human Development Report |
| Click here |
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| * The map presented here is sourced from United Nations. YouandAIDS is not liable for
any dispute, other countries in the region or elsewhere in the
world, organizations or individual might raise. |
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